Insulin, a vital hormone for regulating blood sugar levels, plays a crucial role in maintaining human health. Diabetic individuals either lack insulin production or exhibit resistance to it, necessitating exogenous insulin administration. Recombinant human insulin produced by Escherichia coli has revolutionized insulin availability worldwide. With the global increase in diabetic patients and the emergence of novel insulin delivery methods requiring higher dosages, the demand for recombinant insulin is expected to surge. Traditional manufacturing technologies face limitations in meeting this rising demand due to production capacity constraints and high costs. Selecting a suitable host organism with adequate post-translational modification and refolding capabilities is crucial for therapeutic insulin production. E. coli and S. cerevisiae have been extensively employed for recombinant human insulin production for medicinal purposes. However, transgenic plants offer an appealing alternative as expression systems, capable of synthesizing substantial quantities of insulin cost-effectively. Plant-based expression systems hold the potential for high-capacity insulin synthesis, providing a sustainable approach. These systems yield biologically active proinsulin with long-term stability, suitable for both injectable and oral administration. Furthermore, recent advancements in regenerative medicine research have opened doors to stem cell therapy for diabetes treatment, as stem cells can differentiate into insulin-producing cells. This poster comprehensively outlines the steps for constructing recombinant human insulin with the K12 strain of E. coli, underscores the significance of recombinant insulin production, and explores diverse biotechnological approaches, encompassing microbial expression systems, stem cell-based insulin production, and transgenic crops, to facilitate the rapid and large-scale synthesis of biologically active insulin and its analogues.

Keywords: Insulin, Biotechnological approaches, Recombinant technology, E. coli